The PICO model was applied to determine the keywords for the search
PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome) is a specialized framework used by most researchers to formulate a research question and to facilitate literature review.
Once we have a PICO formatted question, we can brainstorm multiple alternative keywords for each term and then select only those most useful for our search. You can use a basic web search to learn more about your topic and find potential keywords in news articles, websites, etc

Population :
Africa OR African OR Algeria OR Angola OR Benin OR Botswana OR "Burkina Faso" OR Burundi OR “Cabo Verde” OR Cameroon OR Cameroun OR "Canary Islands" OR "Cape Verde" OR "Central African Republic" OR Chad OR Comoros OR Congo OR "Cote d'Ivoire" OR "Democratic Republic of Congo" OR Djibouti OR Egypt OR Eritrea OR eSwatini OR Ethiopia OR Gabon OR Gambia OR Ghana OR Guinea OR Guinea- Bissau OR "Ivory Coast" OR Jamahiriya OR Kenya OR Lesotho OR Liberia OR Libya OR Madagascar OR Malawi OR Mali OR Mauritania OR Mauritius OR Mayotte OR Morocco OR Mozambique OR Namibia OR Niger OR Nigeria OR Principe OR Reunion OR Rwanda OR “Saint Helena” OR “Sao Tome” OR Senegal OR Seychelles OR “Sierra Leone” OR Somalia OR “St Helena” OR Sudan OR Swaziland OR Tanzania OR Togo OR Tunisia OR Uganda OR “Western Sahara” OR Zaire OR Zambia OR Zimbabwe
Intervention:
Typoid vaccine OR Cholera vaccine OR Enteric vaccine
Comparison:
None
Outcome;
Efficacy OR effectiveness OR safety
World Health Organization (2024). Vaccines for Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Product & Delivery Research
Nkurunungi, G., Nassuuna, J., Natukunda, A., Zirimenya, L., Walusimbi, B., Zziwa, C., Ninsiima, C., Kabagenyi, J., Kabuubi, P. N., van Dam, G. J., Corstjens, P. L. A. M., Kayiwa, J., Kizza, M., Mutebe, A., Nakazibwe, E., Akello, F. A., Sewankambo, M., Kiwanuka, S., Cose, S., Wajja, A., … POPVAC trial team (2024). The effect of intensive praziquantel administration on vaccine-specific responses among schoolchildren in Ugandan schistosomiasis-endemic islands (POPVAC A): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Global health, 12(11), e1826–e1837. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00280-8
Kim, J. H., Parajulee, P., Nguyen, T. T., Wasunkar, S., Mogasale, V., Park, S. E., Panzner, U., Mogeni, O. D., Im, J., & Marks, F. (2024). Occurrence of human infection with Salmonella Typhi in sub-Saharan Africa. Scientific data, 11(1), 1089. DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03912-x
Nampota-Nkomba, N., Nyirenda, O. M., Mapemba, V., Masonga, R., Patel, P. D., Misiri, T., Mwakiseghile, F., Wachepa, R., Ndaferankhande, J. M., Lipenga, B., Patel, P., Banda, H., Oshinsky, J., Pasetti, M. F., Heyderman, R. S., Jamka, L. P., Hosangadi, D., Datta, S., Gordon, M. A., Neuzil, K. M., … Laurens, M. B. (2024). Single and two-dose typhoid conjugate vaccine safety and immunogenicity in HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected Malawian children. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 20(1), 2384760. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2384760
Nampota-Nkomba, N., Nyirenda, O. M., Khonde, L., Mapemba, V., Mbewe, M., Ndaferankhande, J. M., Msuku, H., Masesa, C., Misiri, T., Mwakiseghile, F., Patel, P. D., Patel, P., Johnson-Mayo, I., Pasetti, M. F., Heyderman, R. S., Tracy, J. K., Datta, S., Liang, Y., Neuzil, K. M., Gordon, M. A., … Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium team (2022). Safety and immunogenicity of a typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 9 months to 12 years in Malawi: a nested substudy of a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Global health, 10(9), e1326–e1335. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00275-3
Zirimenya, L., Natukunda, A., Nassuuna, J., Nkurunungi, G., Zziwa, C., Ninsiima, C., Kukundakwe, C., Nankabirwa, C. M., Katushabe, C., Namusobya, L. K., Oduru, G., Kabami, G., Kabali, J., Kayiwa, J., Kabagenyi, J., van Dam, G. J., Corstjens, P. L. A. M., Cose, S., Wajja, A., Staedke, S. G., … POPVAC trial team (2024). The effect of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine on vaccine-specific responses among schoolchildren in rural Uganda (POPVAC B): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Global health, 12(11), e1838–e1848. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00281-X
Natukunda, A., Nkurunungi, G., Zirimenya, L., Nassuuna, J., Zziwa, C., Ninsiima, C., Tumusiime, J., Nyanzi, R., Namutebi, M., Kiwudhu, F., van Dam, G. J., Corstjens, P. L. A. M., Kizindo, R., Nkangi, R., Kabagenyi, J., Nassanga, B., Cose, S., Wajja, A., Kaleebu, P., Elliott, A. M., … POPVAC trial team (2024). Schistosome and malaria exposure and urban-rural differences in vaccine responses in Uganda: a causal mediation analysis using data from three linked randomised controlled trials. The Lancet. Global health, 12(11), e1860–e1870. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00340-1
Neuzil, K. M., Patel, P. D., Ndeketa, L., Laurens, M. B., & Gordon, M. A. (2024). Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Malawian children - Authors' reply. Lancet (London, England), 404(10454), 748. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01507-1 (NOT OA)
Obaro S. (2024). Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Malawian children. Lancet (London, England), 404(10454), 747–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01508-3 (NOT OA)
Edosa, M., Jeon, Y., Gedefaw, A., Hailu, D., Mesfin Getachew, E., Mogeni, O. D., Jang, G. H., Mukasa, D., Yeshitela, B., Getahun, T., Lynch, J., Bouhenia, M., Worku Demlie, Y., Hussen, M., Wossen, M., Teferi, M., & Park, S. E. (2024). Comprehensive Review on the Use of Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) in Ethiopia: 2019 to 2023. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 79(Supplement_1), S20–S32. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae194
Park, S. E., Gedefaw, A., Hailu, D., Jeon, Y., Mogeni, O. D., Jang, G. H., Mukasa, D., Mraidi, R., Kim, D. R., Getahun, T., Mesfin Getachew, E., Yeshitela, B., Ayele Abebe, S., Hussen, M., Worku Demlie, Y., & Teferi, M. (2024). Coverage of Two-Dose Preemptive Cholera Mass Vaccination Campaign in High-Priority Hotspots in Shashemene, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 79(Supplement_1), S33–S42. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae233
El Bushra, H. E., Haroun, A. A. A., Dauod Altaf, M., Gardiwal, H., Muhammad Raja, A., & Alkhidir, M. A. (2024). Early use of oral cholera vaccines as a prime control measure during outbreaks: Necessary but not sufficient. Vaccine, 42(12), 3033–3038. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.045
Xu, H., Zou, K., Dent, J., Wiens, K. E., Malembaka, E. B., Bwire, G., Okitayemba, P. W., Hampton, L. M., Azman, A. S., & Lee, E. C. (2024). Enhanced cholera surveillance to improve vaccination campaign efficiency. Nature medicine, 30(4), 1104–1110. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02852-8
GRAM Typhoid Collaborators (2024). Estimating the subnational prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A infections in 75 endemic countries, 1990-2019: a modelling study. The Lancet. Global health, 12(3), e406–e418. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00585-5
Patel, P. D., Liang, Y., Meiring, J. E., Chasweka, N., Patel, P., Misiri, T., Mwakiseghile, F., Wachepa, R., Banda, H. C., Shumba, F., Kawalazira, G., Dube, Q., Nampota-Nkomba, N., Nyirenda, O. M., Girmay, T., Datta, S., Jamka, L. P., Tracy, J. K., Laurens, M. B., Heyderman, R. S., … TyVAC team (2024). Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine: final analysis of a 4-year, phase 3, randomised controlled trial in Malawian children. Lancet (London, England), 403(10425), 459–468. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02031-7
Ho, N., Tang, K., Ngo, V., Livits, I., Morrel, A., Noor, B., Tseng, K., & Chung, E. J. (2023). Nanoparticles-based technologies for cholera detection and therapy. SLAS technology, 28(6), 384–392. DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.10.006
Limani, F., Smith, C., Wachepa, R., Chafuwa, H., Meiring, J., Noah, P., Patel, P., Patel, P. D., Debellut, F., Pecenka, C., Gordon, M. A., & Bar-Zeev, N. (2022). Estimating the economic burden of typhoid in children and adults in Blantyre, Malawi: A costing cohort study. PloS one, 17(11), e0277419. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277419
Malembaka, E. B., Bugeme, P. M., Hutchins, C., Xu, H., Hulse, J. D., Demby, M. N., Gallandat, K., Saidi, J. M., Rumedeka, B. B., Itongwa, M., Tshiwedi-Tsilabia, E., Kitoga, F., Bodisa-Matamu, T., Kavunga-Membo, H., Bengehya, J., Kulondwa, J. C., Debes, A. K., Taty, N., Lee, E. C., Lunguya, O., … Azman, A. S. (2024). Effectiveness of one dose of killed oral cholera vaccine in an endemic community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a matched case-control study. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 24(5), 514–522. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00742-9
Meiring, J. E., Khanam, F., Basnyat, B., Charles, R. C., Crump, J. A., Debellut, F., Holt, K. E., Kariuki, S., Mugisha, E., Neuzil, K. M., Parry, C. M., Pitzer, V. E., Pollard, A. J., Qadri, F., & Gordon, M. A. (2023). Typhoid fever. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 9(1), 71. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00480-z
Maity, B., Saha, B., Ghosh, I., & Chattopadhyay, J. (2023). Model-Based Estimation of Expected Time to Cholera Extinction in Lusaka, Zambia. Bulletin of mathematical biology, 85(7), 55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11538-023-01149-0 (NOT OA)
Chowdhury, F., Aziz, A. B., Ahmmed, F., Ahmed, T., Kang, S. S., Im, J., Park, J., Tadesse, B. T., Islam, M. T., Kim, D. R., Hoque, M., Pak, G., Khanam, F., McMillan, N. A. J., Liu, X., Zaman, K., Khan, A. I., Kim, J. H., Marks, F., Qadri, F., … Clemens, J. D. (2023). The interplay between WASH practices and vaccination with oral cholera vaccines in protecting against cholera in urban Bangladesh: Reanalysis of a cluster-randomized trial. Vaccine, 41(14), 2368–2375. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.054
Phillips, M. T., Antillon, M., Bilcke, J., Bar-Zeev, N., Limani, F., Debellut, F., Pecenka, C., Neuzil, K. M., Gordon, M. A., Thindwa, D., Paltiel, A. D., Yaesoubi, R., & Pitzer, V. E. (2023). Cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid conjugate vaccines in an outbreak setting: a modeling study. BMC infectious diseases, 23(1), 143. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08105-2
Ouamba, J. P., Mbarga, N. F., Ciglenecki, I., Ratnayake, R., Tchiasso, D., Finger, F., Peyraud, N., Mounchili, I., Boyom, T., Yonta, C., Nwatchok, L., Mouhamadou, M., Ekedi, C., Marcel, J., Luquero, F., Ekah, F., Amani, A., Tamakloe, M., Boum, Y., 2nd, & Esso, L. (2023). Implementation of targeted cholera response activities, Cameroon. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 101(3), 170–178. DOI: 10.2471/BLT.22.288885
Oladipo, E. K., Akindiya, O. E., Oluwasanya, G. J., Akanbi, G. M., Olufemi, S. E., Adediran, D. A., Bamigboye, F. O., Aremu, R. O., Kolapo, K. T., Oluwasegun, J. A., Awobiyi, H. O., Jimah, E. M., Irewolede, B. A., Folakanmi, E. O., Olubodun, O. A., Akintibubo, S. A., Odunlami, F. D., Ojo, T. O., Akinro, O. P., Hezikiah, O. S., … Babalola, M. O. (2023). Bioinformatics analysis of structural protein to approach a vaccine candidate against Vibrio cholerae infection. Immunogenetics, 75(2), 99–114. DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01282-5
Liang, Y., Driscoll, A. J., Patel, P. D., Datta, S., Voysey, M., French, N., Jamka, L. P., Henrion, M. Y. R., Ndeketa, L., Laurens, M. B., Heyderman, R. S., Gordon, M. A., & Neuzil, K. M. (2023). Typhoid conjugate vaccine effectiveness in Malawi: evaluation of a test-negative design using randomised, controlled clinical trial data. The Lancet. Global health, 11(1), e136–e144. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00466-1
Islam, M. T., Date, K., Khan, A. I., Bhuiyan, T. R., Khan, Z. H., Ahmed, S., Hossain, M., Khaton, F., Zaman, K., McMillan, N. A. J., Anand, A., An, Q., Zhang, C., Weldon, W. C., Yu, A., Luby, S., & Qadri, F. (2023). Co-administration of Oral Cholera Vaccine With Oral Polio Vaccine Among Bangladeshi Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Open Label Trial to Assess Interference. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 76(2), 263–270. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac782
Sialubanje, C., Kapina, M., Chewe, O., Matapo, B. B., Ngomah, A. M., Gianetti, B., Ngosa, W., Kasonde, M., Musonda, K., Mulenga, M., Michelo, C., Sinyange, N., Bobo, P., Zyambo, K., Mazyanga, L., Bakyaita, N., & Mukonka, V. M. (2022). Effectiveness of two doses of Euvichol-plus oral cholera vaccine in response to the 2017/2018 outbreak: a matched case-control study in Lusaka, Zambia. BMJ open, 12(11), e066945. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066945
Ratnayake, R., Peyraud, N., Ciglenecki, I., Gignoux, E., Lightowler, M., Azman, A. S., Gakima, P., Ouamba, J. P., Sagara, J. A., Ndombe, R., Mimbu, N., Ascorra, A., Epicentre and MSF CATI Working Group, Welo, P. O., Mukamba Musenga, E., Miwanda, B., Boum, Y., 2nd, Checchi, F., Edmunds, W. J., Luquero, F., … Finger, F. (2022). Effectiveness of case-area targeted interventions including vaccination on the control of epidemic cholera: protocol for a prospective observational study. BMJ open, 12(7), e061206. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061206
Lightowler, M. S., Manangazira, P., Nackers, F., Van Herp, M., Phiri, I., Kuwenyi, K., Panunzi, I., Garone, D., Marume, F., Tarupiwa, A., Ferreras, E., Duri, C., & Luquero, F. J. (2022). Effectiveness of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Zimbabwe used in response to an outbreak among children and young adults: A matched case control study. Vaccine, 40(31), 4199–4210. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.093
Fakoya, B., Hullahalli, K., Rubin, D. H. F., Leitner, D. R., Chilengi, R., Sack, D. A., & Waldor, M. K. (2022). Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae Challenge Strains for Evaluating Vaccine Efficacy and Inferring Mechanisms of Protection. mBio, 13(2), e0053922. DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00539-22
St Jean, D. T., Rogawski McQuade, E. T., Edwards, J. K., Thompson, P., Thomas, J., & Becker-Dreps, S. (2022). Effect of early life antibiotic use on serologic responses to oral rotavirus vaccine in the MAL-ED birth cohort study. Vaccine, 40(18), 2580–2587. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.023
Bengtsson, R. J., Simpkin, A. J., Pulford, C. V., Low, R., Rasko, D. A., Rigden, D. J., Hall, N., Barry, E. M., Tennant, S. M., & Baker, K. S. (2022). Pathogenomic analyses of Shigella isolates inform factors limiting shigellosis prevention and control across LMICs. Nature microbiology, 7(2), 251–261. DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-01054-z

Filter : Published papers : 2022-2024