This Library Guide is a collection of useful documents & evidence on the efficacy, effectiveness and impact of the Hepatitis A vaccines and Hepatitis B vaccines to support NITAG members and other policy makers throughout Africa with making evidence-based recommendations.
P - Population
Africa [MeSH] OR Africa South of the Sahara [MeSH]
OR
Africa OR African OR Algeria OR Angola OR Benin OR Botswana OR "Burkina Faso" OR Burundi OR “Cabo Verde” OR Cameroon OR Cameroun OR "Canary Islands" OR "Cape Verde" OR "Central African Republic" OR Chad OR Comoros OR Congo OR "Cote d'Ivoire" OR "Democratic Republic of Congo" OR Djibouti OR Egypt OR Eritrea OR eSwatini OR Ethiopia OR Gabon OR Gambia OR Ghana OR Guinea OR Guinea- Bissau OR "Ivory Coast" OR Jamahiriya OR Kenya OR Lesotho OR Liberia OR Libya OR Madagascar OR Malawi OR Mali OR Mauritania OR Mauritius OR Mayotte OR Morocco OR Mozambique OR Namibia OR Niger OR Nigeria OR Principe OR Reunion OR Rwanda OR “Saint Helena” OR “Sao Tome” OR Senegal OR Seychelles OR “Sierra Leone” OR Somalia OR “St Helena” OR Sudan OR Swaziland OR Tanzania OR Togo OR Tunisia OR Uganda OR “Western Sahara” OR Zaire OR Zambia OR Zimbabwe
I Intervention
Hepatitis A : (vaccine OR vaccines OR vaccination OR immunization) AND (Hepatitis A OR Havrix OR Twinrix OR Vaqta)
Hepatitis B : (vaccine OR vaccines OR vaccination OR immunization) AND (Hepatitis B OR HBV OR Engerix-B OR Heplisav-B OR Recombivax HB)
C Comparison
No vaccine
O Outcome
efficacy OR effectiveness OR safety
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause liver inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function.
You're most likely to get hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with a person or object that's infected. Mild cases of hepatitis A don't require treatment. Most people who are infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage.
Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, can prevent the spread of the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine can protect against hepatitis A.
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/255841/WER9227.pdf?sequence=1
Background document for the SAGE April 2022 session on Hepatitis A vaccines prepared by the SAGE working group on hepatitis A
Blaine Hollinger, F., Bell, B., Levy‐Bruhl, D., Shouval, D., Wiersma, S. and Van Damme, P., 2007. Hepatitis A and B vaccination and public health. Journal of viral hepatitis, 14, pp.1-5. file:///C:/Users/01369611/Desktop/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccination_and_public.pdf
Lemon, S.M., Ott, J.J., Van Damme, P. and Shouval, D., 2018. Type A viral hepatitis: A summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. Journal of Hepatology, 68(1), pp.167-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.08.034
Nainan, O.V., Xia, G., Vaughan, G. and Margolis, H.S., 2006. Diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection: a molecular approach. Clinical microbiology reviews, 19(1), pp.63-79. doi: 10.1128/CMR.19.1.63-79.2006
Martin, A. and Lemon, S.M., 2006. Hepatitis A virus: from discovery to vaccines. Hepatology, 43(S1), pp.S164-S172.
World Health Organization, 2019. WHO immunological basis for immunization series: module 18: hepatitis A. 97892516327-eng.pdf
Zamir, C., Rishpon, S., Zamir, D., Leventhal, A., Rimon, N. and Ben-Porath, E., 2001. Control of a community-wide outbreak of hepatitis A by mass vaccination with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 20, pp.185-187. (NOT OA)
Glikson M et al. Relapsing hepatitis A. Review of 14 cases and literature survey. Medicine (Baltimore). 1992;71(1):14–23 Relapsing Hepatitis A Review of 14 Cases and Literature Survey.pdf
Sjogren, M.H., 1993. The success of hepatitis A vaccine. Gastroenterology, 104(4), pp.1214-1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(93)90298-qThis is a comment on "Immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children." Gastroenterology. 1993 Apr;104(4):1129-32.
Elinav, E., Ben–Dov, I.Z., Shapira, Y., Daudi, N., Adler, R., Shouval, D. and Ackerman, Z., 2006. Acute hepatitis A infection in pregnancy is associated with high rates of gestational complications and preterm labor. Gastroenterology, 130(4), pp.1129-1134. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.01.007
Chaudhry, S.A., Verma, N. and Koren, G., 2015. Hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. Canadian family physician, 61(7), pp.607-608. https://www.cfp.ca/content/61/7/607.long
Mohd Hanafiah, K., Jacobsen, K.H. and Wiersma, S.T., 2011. Challenges to mapping the health risk of hepatitis A virus infection. International journal of health geographics, 10(1), pp.1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-10-57
GBD uses a standardized approach for estimating incidence, prevalence, and years of healthy life lost due to disability by cause, age, sex, year, and location (https:// www.healthdata.org/gbd/about/protocol)
Jacobsen, K.H., 2018. Globalization and the changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 8(10). doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031716
Munné, M.S., Vladimirsky, S., Moreiro, R., Ciocca, M., Cuarterolo, M., Otegui, L., Soto, S., Brajterman, L., Castro, R., Sasbón, J. and Gianivelli, S., 2008. Molecular characterization of hepatitis A virus in children with fulminant hepatic failure in Argentina. Liver International, 28(1), pp.47-53. (Not OA)
Santos, D.C.M.D., Martinho, J.M.D.S.G., Pacheco-Moreira, L.F., Araújo, C.C.V.D., Oliveira, B.C.E.P.D.D., Lago, B.V., Pinto, M.A. and Paula, V.S.D., 2009. Fulminant hepatitis failure in adults and children from a Public Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13, pp.323-329. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702009000500002 (NOT OA)
Bendre, S.V., Bavdekar, A.R., Bhave, S.A., Pandit, A.N., Chitambar, S.D. and Arankalle, V.A., 1999. Fulminant hepatic failure: etiology, viral markers and outcome. Indian pediatrics, 36(11), pp.1107-1112.
Kim, Y.J. and Lee, H.S., 2010. Increasing incidence of hepatitis A in Korean adults. Intervirology, 53(1), pp.10-14. (Not OA)
Lemon, S.M., 1993. Immunologic approaches to assessing the response to inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Journal of hepatology, 18, pp.S15-S19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(05)80372-1
WHO International Standards/Reference Reagents: Submission to ECBS of post-establishment stability evaluation: 1st IS for Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine / by Gillian Cooper and Javier Martin. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. (https:// apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/70856)
Prequalified vaccines. World Health Organization (https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/ vaccines/prequalified-vaccines)
Van Damme, P. and Van Herck, K., 2004. A review of the efficacy, immunogenicity and tolerability of a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine. Expert review of vaccines, 3(3), pp.249-267 (NOT OA)
Beran, J., Chlibek, R. and Weber, F., 2003. A combined dual-chamber typhoid/hepatitis A vaccine as a booster dose in hepatitis A primed adults. Vaccine, 21(32), pp.4650-4654. (NOT OA)
Bovier, P.A., Farinelli, T. and Loutan, L., 2005. Interchangeability and tolerability of a virosomal and an aluminum-adsorbed hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccine, 23(19), pp.2424-2429. (NOT OA)
Ekwall, E., Ulgemo, A., Watson, M., Boisnard, F., Thomas, S. and Goullet, F., 2006. Interchangeability of Hepatitis A boosters, Avaxim® and Vaqta®, in healthy adults following a primary dose of the combined typhoid/Hepatitis A vaccine Viatim®. Vaccine, 24(20), pp.4450-4457.(NOT OA)
Letson, G.W., Shapiro, C.N., Kuehn, D., Gardea, C., Welty, T.K., Krause, D.S., Lambert, S.B. and Margolis, H.S., 2004. Effect of maternal antibody on immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in infants. The Journal of pediatrics, 144(3), pp.327-332. (NOT OA)
Usonis, V., S. Meriste, V. Bakasenas, I. Lutsar, F. Collard, M. Stoffel, and N. Tornieporth. "Immunogenicity and safety of a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine administered concomitantly with either a measles–mumps–rubella or a diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis-inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine mixed with a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in infants aged 12–18 months." Vaccine 23, no. 20 (2005): 2602-2606. (NOT OA)
Dagan, R., Amir, J., Livni, G., Greenberg, D., Abu-Abed, J., Guy, L., Ashkenazi, S., Froesner, G., Tewald, F., Schaetzl, H.M. and Hoffmann, D., 2007. Concomitant administration of a virosome-adjuvanted hepatitis a vaccine with routine childhood vaccines at age twelve to fifteen months: a randomized controlled trial. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 26(9), pp.787-793
Yetman, R.J., Shepard, J.S., Duke, A., Stek, J.E., Petrecz, M., Klopfer, S.O., Kuter, B.J., Schödel, F.P. and Lee, A.W., 2013. Concomitant administration of hepatitis A vaccine with measles/mumps/rubella/varicella and pneumococcal vaccines in healthy 12-to 23-month-old children. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 9(8), pp.1691-1697. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/hv.24873
Fangcheng, Z., Xuanyi, W., Mingding, C., Liming, J., Jie, W., Qi, J., Yuanping, G., Wen, Q., Yajuan, X. and Jiangsen, M., 2012. Era of vaccination heralds a decline in incidence of hepatitis A in high-risk groups in China. Hepatitis monthly, 12(2), p.100. (NOT OA)
André, F.E., 2006. Universal mass vaccination against hepatitis A. Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects—Progress and Obstacles, pp.95-114. (NOT OA)
Innis, B.L., Snitbhan, R., Kunasol, P., Laorakpongse, T., Poopatanakool, W., Kozik, C.A., Suntayakorn, S., Suknuntapong, T., Safary, A., Tang, D.B. and Boslego, J.W., 1994. Protection against hepatitis A by an inactivated vaccine. Jama, 271(17), pp.1328-1334. (NOT OA)
Shaw Jr, F.E., Shapiro, C.N., Welty, T.K., Dill, W., Reddington, J. and Hadler, S.C., 1990. Hepatitis transmission among the Sioux Indians of South Dakota. American journal of public health, 80(9), pp.1091-1094. (NOT OA)
Peach D et al. Impact of recurrent epidemics of hepatitis a virus infection on population immunity levels: Bristol Bay, Alaska. J Infect Dis. 2002;186(8):1081–5. (NOT OA)
Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For most people, hepatitis B is short term, also called acute, and lasts less than six months. But for others, the infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months. Having chronic hepatitis B increases your risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis — a condition that permanently scars the liver.
