NISH (NITAG Support Hub) 7: Mpox vaccines: Domain 1: Disease Burden

Mpox AND “disease burden” OR epidemiology OR incidence OR cases OR hospitalization OR case fatality OR  “clinical characteristics” OR “cost of health care” OR “alternative prevention”

 

Srivastava, S., Sharma, D., Sridhar, S.B. et al. (2025). Comparative analysis of Mpox clades: epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and detection strategies. BMC Infectious Diseases 25, 1290.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-11784-8

Acharya, A., Kumar, N., Singh, K., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2024). Mpox in MSM: Tackling Stigma, Minimizing Risk Factors, Exploring Pathogenesis, and Treatment Approaches. Biomedical Journal, 100746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2024.100746

Acheneje, G. O., Omale, D., Atokolo, W., & Bolaji, B. (2024). Modeling the transmission dynamics of the co-infection of COVID-19 and Monkeypox diseases with optimal control strategies and cost–benefit analysis. Franklin Open, 8, 100130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fraope.2024.100130

Adegboye, O., Alele, F., Pak, A., Alakunle, E., Emeto, T., Leggat, P., & Okeke, M. (2024). Monkeypox Outbreak 2022, from a Rare Disease to Global Health Emergence: Implications for Travellers. Poxviruses, 355–368. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_23

Adelakun, A., Onaolapo, M., Olorunsesan, M., Oluwole, F., & Ajayi, A. (2024). Mpox: Lessons learnt from previous viral outbreaks applicable to the ongoing outbreak: Mpox: Les leçons tirées des précédentes épidémies virales applicables à l’épidémie actuelle. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 25(4), 371–380. 

DOI:10.4314/ajcem.v25i4.1

Adetifa, I., Muyembe, J.-J., Bausch, D. G., & Heymann, D. L. (2023). Mpox neglect and the smallpox niche: A problem for Africa, a problem for the world. The Lancet, 401(10390), 1822–1824. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2823%2900588-3

Adnyana, I. M. D. M., Eljatin, D. S., Maulana, S., Ibrahim, K., Umar, T. P., Armini, L. N., & da Cruz, Z. V. (2024). Mpox, HIV infection, and genital skin disease: Triple burden, threats and challenges from an epidemiological perspective. Svāsthya: Trends in General Medicine and Public Health, 1(1), e1–e1. DOI: ttps://doi.org/10.70347/svsthya.v1i1.1

Alabbas, M. M., Alyami, S. A. S., AlHaydar, N. A. M., Alhaidar, H. A., AlHaider, A. M., Alhaidar, A. F. A., Alhayyder, M. A. S., Al Hider, M. S. H., Jelbab, N. S. M., & AlHaider, H. S. (2024). Effectiveness of educational and vaccination interventions in preventing monkeypox: Case of low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). American Academic & Scholarly Research Journal, 14(6).

Alakunle, E., Kolawole, D., Diaz-Canova, D., Alele, F., Adegboye, O., Moens, U., & Okeke, M. I. (2024). A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 14, 1360586.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586

Anjorin, A.-A. A., Odetokun, I. A., Ashaka, O. S., Fadipe, T. O., Muhammad, A., Sogbanmu, T. O., Nyandwi, J. B., Morakinyo, O. M., Dauda, A. B., & Adetona, M. A. (2023). Critical Appraisal of Mpox (Monkeypox) in Africa using Scoping and Systematic Reviews: Epidemiology, Biochemistry, Phylogeny, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, Biosecurity and One-Health. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2684822/v1

Assiri, A. M., Alserehi, H., Abuhasan, M. Y., Khalil, E. A. A., Al-Thunayan, M. H., Alshehri, M. S., Alrossais, A. A., Abudahish, A. S., Alsahafi, A. J., & Al-Tawfiq, J. A. (2024). Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of mpox: A study of 381 cases in Saudi Arabia. IJID Regions, 11, 100358.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100358

Awoke, T. D., Kassa, S. M., Terefe, Y. A., & Asfaw, M. D. (2024). Modeling on cost-effectiveness of monkeypox disease control strategies with consideration of environmental transmission effects in the presence of vaccination. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 10(5), 6105–6132.

Bolaji, B., Ibrahim, A., Ani, F., Omede, B., & Acheneje, G. (2024). A model for the control of transmission dynamics of human monkeypox disease in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, 1800–1800. https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2024.1800

Bragazzi, N. L., Woldegerima, W. A., Wu, J., Converti, M., Szarpak, L., Crapanzano, A., Odeh, M., Farah, R., & Khamisy-Farah, R. (2024). Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox in Cisgender and Transgender Women and Non-Binary Individuals Assigned to the Female Sex at Birth: A Comprehensive, Critical Global Perspective. Viruses, 16(3), 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030325

Branda, F., Romano, C., Ciccozzi, M., Giovanetti, M., Scarpa, F., Ciccozzi, A., & Maruotti, A. (2024). Mpox: An Overview of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Public Health Implications. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(8), 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082234

Cadmus, S., Akinseye, V., Besong, M., Olanipekun, T., Fadele, J., Cadmus, E., Ansumana, R., Oluwayelu, D., Odemuyiwa, S. O., & Tomori, O. (2024). Dynamics of Mpox infection in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 7368. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-58147-y

Clemente, N. S., Coles, C., Paixao, E. S., Brickley, E. B., Whittaker, E., Alfven, T., Rulisa, S., Higuita, N. A., Torpiano, P., & Agravat, P. (2024). Paediatric, maternal, and congenital mpox: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2214-109X%2823%2900607-1

Delight, E. A., Brunn, A. A., Ruiz, F., Gerard, J., Falconer, J., Liu, Y., Bah, B., Bett, B., Uzochukwu, B., & Oloko, O. K. (2024). Gaps and Opportunities for Data Systems and Economics to Support Priority Setting for Climate-Sensitive Infectious Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Rapid Scoping Review. medRxiv, 2024–09. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.20.24314043v1.full.pdf

Djuicy, D. D., Omah, I. F., Parker, E., Tomkins-Tinch, C. H., Otieno, J. R., Yifomnjou, M. H. M., Essengue, L. L. M., Ayinla, A. O., Sijuwola, A. E., & Ahmed, M. I. (2024). Molecular epidemiology of recurrent zoonotic transmission of mpox virus in West Africa. medRxiv. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11213044/pdf/nihpp-2024.06.18.24309115v1.pdf

Duarte, P. M., Adesola, R. O., Priyadarsini, S., Singh, R., Shaheen, M. N., Ogundijo, O. A., Gulumbe, B. H., Lounis, M., Samir, M., & Govindan, K. (2024). Unveiling the Global Surge of Mpox (Monkeypox): A comprehensive review of current evidence. The Microbe, 100141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microb.2024.100141

Elemuwa, C. O., Raimi, M. O., Ainu, M., Adias, T. C., Ufuoma, R. S., Elemuwa, U. G., Oginifolunnia, O. C., Rath, B. A., & Obermeier, P. E. (2024). Conquering Mpox: A Comprehensive Public Health Strategy for Addressing Mpox and Poxvirus Infections in Nigeria–Understanding Global Trends, Transmission Dynamics, and Effective Prevention and Control Measures in Nigeria. JMIR Preprints, 14(10), 2024. https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/67534

Eslami, A., Alimoghadam, S., Khoshravesh, S., Shirani, M., Alimoghadam, R., & Alavi Darazam, I. (2024). Mpox vaccination and treatment: A systematic review. Journal of Chemotherapy, 36(2), https://doi.org/10.1080/1120009X.2023.2289270

Flores, J., Kerna, N., Akuma, O., Ngwu, D., Carsrud, N., Holets, H., Chawla, S., Ayeni, A., Azi, C., & Okpo, N. (2024). Monkeypox (MPOX): Distinguishing Mechanisms, Epidemiology, Exposure Strata, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Tools, and Adverse Effects on the Brain, Eyes, Heart, Lungs, and Skin. EC Clinical and Medical Case Reports, 7, 01–13. https://ecronicon.net/assets/eccmc/pdf/ECCMC-07-00870.pdf

Gallo, P., Galea, N., Colucci, A., Valli, R., Schwarz, M., Belasio, E. F., d’Ari, A., Furiozzi, F., Caraglia, A., & Dalla Torre, R. (2024). Mpox: Awareness, knowledge and information channels used by individuals accessing a sexually transmitted infections Helpline. Ann Ig, 36(6), 626–635. https://annali-igiene.it/articoli/2024/6/02_Gallo%20Colucci.pdf

Gao, L., Shi, Q., Dong, X., Wang, M., Liu, Z., & Li, Z. (2023). Mpox, Caused by the MPXV of the Clade IIb lineage, goes global. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 8(2), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8020076

Ghosn, J., Assoumou, L., Ouattara, M., Rubenstein, E., Pialoux, G., Katlama, C., Surgers, L., Duvivier, C., Pavie, J., & Viard, J.-P. (2024). Impact of vaccination with third generation modified vaccinia Ankara and sexual behaviour on mpox incidence in men who have sex with men: Analysis among participants of the ANRS-174 DOXYVAC trial. The Lancet Regional Health–Europe, 45. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2666-7762%2824%2900187-X

Halwani, M. A. (2024). Endemic Cross-transmission of Mpox within Health-care Settings: A Comprehensive Review. Hail Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 9–18. https://journals.lww.com/hjhs/fulltext/2024/01000/endemic_cross_transmission_of_mpox_within.2.aspx

Hrynick, T., & Schmidt-Sane, M. (2024). Roundtable report: Discussion on mpox in DRC and social science considerations for operational response.                  https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/articles/report/Roundtable_Report_Discussion_on_mpox_in_DRC_and_Social_Science_Considerations_for_Operational_Response/26434924?file=48184294

Hussain, N., Ashraf, M. H., Arooj, R., Arif, I., & Haqqi, R. (2024). An overview of Monkeypox Virus: Molecular Biology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention Strategies. DOI:10.20944/preprints202402.1430.v1

Islam, M. A., Kumar, R., Sharma, P., Zhang, S., Bhattacharya, P., & Tiwari, A. (2024). Wastewater-Based Surveillance of Mpox (Monkeypox): An Early Surveillance Tool for Detecting Hotspots. Current Pollution Reports, 1–14. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40726-024-00299-6.pdf

Iwuafor, A., Ogban, G., Ekeng, B., Owai, P., & Elem, D. (n.d.). Mpox Vaccination Willingness and its Socio-demographic and Psychological Determinants Among Doctors in Nigeria. Virus, 1, 2. DOI 10.14361/9783839401934

Jiang, L., Xu, A., Guan, L., Tang, Y., Chai, G., Feng, J., Wu, Y., Li, M., Zhang, C., & Liu, X. (2024). A review of Mpox: Biological characteristics, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. 20230112. https://doi.org/10.1002/EXP.20230112

Kandi, V. (2024). Will mpox disease caused by the human Mpox virus (MPXV) result in a pandemic-like situation similar to the COVID-19 pandemic. Discover Public Health, 21(1), 1–15. | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-024-00262-2

Khan, H. A., Mohanan, P., Rahmat, Z. S., Kanor, U., & Tebha, S. S. (2024). The Current Monkeypox Outbreak: Highlighting Gaps in Approach to Disease in Endemic vs. Non-Endemic Countries. https://doi.org/10.37184/jlnh.2959-1805.1.18

Klingelhöfer, D., Braun, M., Groneberg, D. A., & Brüggmann, D. (2023). Global mpox research in the light of the current outbreak: Demands, drivers, and obstacles. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 12(1), 2210696. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2023.2210696

Kurra, S. (2024). Mpox Vaccines.

Laurenson-Schafer, H., Sklenovská, N., Hoxha, A., Kerr, S. M., Ndumbi, P., Fitzner, J., Almiron, M., de Sousa, L. A., Briand, S., & Cenciarelli, O. (2023). Description of the first global outbreak of mpox: An analysis of global surveillance data. The Lancet Global Health, 11(7), e1012–e1023. https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/langlo/PIIS2214-109X(23)00198-5.pdf
Li, T., Guo, X., Wang, X., & Chen, T. (2025). Temporal and age-structured analysis of Mpox spread in the 2022 Global outbreak: data-assimilation insights for epidemic control. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 14(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-025-01369-7

Lu, J., Xing, H., Wang, C., Tang, M., Wu, C., Ye, F., Yin, L., Yang, Y., Tan, W., & Shen, L. (2023). Mpox (formerly monkeypox): Pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 8(1), 458. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01675-2.pdf

Lubanga, A. F., Bwanali, A. N., Kangoma, M., Matola, Y., Moyo, C., Kaonga, B., Ssebibubbu, S., Makole, T. J., Kambili, F., & Chumbi, G. D. (2024). Addressing the re-emergence and resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Africa: A health equity perspective. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 20(1), 2375081. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21645515.2024.2375081

McLean, J., Gunaratne, S., & Zucker, J. (2024). Update on Mpox: What the Primary Care Clinician Should Know. Medical Clinics, 108(2), 355–371. https://www-clinicalkey-com.ezproxy.uct.ac.za/service/content/pdf/watermarked/1-s2.0-S0025712523001517.pdf?locale=en_US&searchIndex=

Mektebi, A., Elsaid, M., Yadav, T., Abdallh, F., Assker, M., Siddiq, A., Sayad, R., Saifi, M., & Farahat, R. A. (2024). Mpox vaccine acceptance among healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 4. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12889-023-17186-2.pdf

Mercy, K., Tibebu, B., Fallah, M., Faria, N. R., Ndembi, N., & Tebeje, Y. K. (2024). Mpox continues to spread in Africa and threatens global health security. Nature Medicine, 30(5), 1225–1226.  doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-02862-6

Mohapatra, R. K., Singh, P. K., Branda, F., Mishra, S., Kutikuppala, L. S., Suvvari, T. K., Kandi, V., Ansari, A., Desai, D. N., & Alfaresi, M. (2024). Transmission dynamics, complications and mitigation strategies of the current mpox outbreak: A comprehensive review with bibliometric study. Reviews in Medical Virology, 34(3), e2541. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uct.ac.za/10.1002/rmv.2541

Moss, B. (2024). Understanding the biology of monkeypox virus to prevent future outbreaks. Nature Microbiology, 1–9.

Musuka, G., Moyo, E., Tungwarara, N., Mhango, M., Pierre, G., Saramba, E., Iradukunda, P. G., & Dzinamarira, T. (2024). A critical review of mpox outbreaks, risk factors, and prevention efforts in Africa: Lessons learned and evolving practices. IJID Regions, 100402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100402

Nachega, J. B., Sam-Agudu, N. A., Ogoina, D., Mbala-Kingebeni, P., Ntoumi, F., Nakouné, E., Njouom, R., Lewis, R. F., Gandhi, M., & Rosenthal, P. J. (2024). The surge of mpox in Africa: A call for action. The Lancet Global Health. https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/langlo/PIIS2214-109X(24)00187-6.pdf

Oduoye, M. O., Faloye, T. O., Ubechu, S. C., Nafula, W. P., Taleb, Y. K. A., Gharaibeh, R. S., Irfan, H., Ojebola, A. M., Marbell, A., & Agbeyewo, G. T. (2024). Factors responsible for the re-emergence of Monkeypox and implications for global health. IJS Global Health, 7(4), e0459. https://journals.lww.com/ijsgh/fulltext/2024/07010/factors_responsible_for_the_re_emergence_of.2.aspx

Ogliastro, M., Ferrari, A., Sticchi, L., Domnich, A., Zappa, G., Di Biagio, A., Massaro, E., Giribaldi, E., & Orsi, A. (2024). Effectiveness of a Counseling Intervention to Increase Vaccination Uptake among Men Who Have Sex with Men during the Mpox Outbreak. Vaccines, 12(7). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11281669/pdf/vaccines-12-00751.pdf

Ogoina, D., Damon, I., & Nakoune, E. (2023). Clinical review of human mpox. Clinical Microbiology and Infection.

Ogunkola, I. O., Abiodun, O. E., Bale, B. I., Elebesunu, E. E., Ujam, S. B., Umeh, I. C., Tom-James, M., Musa, S. S., Manirambona, E., & Evardone, S. B. (2023). Monkeypox vaccination in the global south: Fighting a war without a weapon. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 22, 101313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101313

Okoli, G. N., Van Caeseele, P., Askin, N., & Abou-Setta, A. M. (2024). A global systematic evidence review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of the 2022 Mpox outbreaks. Infection, 52(3), 901–921.

Olawade, D. B., Wada, O. Z., Fidelis, S. C., Oluwole, O. S., Alisi, C. S., Orimabuyaku, N. F., & David-Olawade, A. C. (2024). Strengthening Africa’s response to Mpox (monkeypox): insights from historical outbreaks and the present global spread. Science in One Health, 100085.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soh.2024.100085

Omame, A., Han, Q., Iyaniwura, S. A., Ebenezer, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Wang, X., Kong, J. D., & Woldegerima, W. A. (2024). Understanding the impact of HIV on mpox transmission in an MSM population: A mathematical modeling study. Infectious Disease Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soh.2024.100085

Otieno, J. R., Ruis, C., Onoja, A. B., Kuppalli, K., Hoxha, A., Nitsche, A., Brinkmann, A., Michel, J., Mbala-Kingebeni, P., & Mukadi-Bamuleka, D. (2024). Global genomic surveillance of monkeypox virus. Nature Medicine, 1–1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03370-3_reference.pdf

Paparini, S., Whelan, I., Mwendera, C., Hayes, R., Maatouk, I., Lewis, R., Prochazka Nunez, M., Mozalevskis, A., Wi, T., & Orkin, C. (2024). Prevention of sexual transmission of mpox: A systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis of approaches. Infectious Diseases, 56(8), 589–605. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23744235.2024.2364801

Phiri, S., & Lusaka, Z. (n.d.). Mpox in Zambia: An Overview of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Public Health Implications. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wezi-Kachinda/publication/385831668

Pitcock, C. T., Van Sickels, N., & Romanelli, F. (2024). Advances in recognizing, treating, and preventing mpox infection. JAPhA Pharmacotherapy, 1(2). https://www.japhapharmacotherapy.org/article/S2949-9623(23)00004-9/pdf

Santomauro, D. F., Vos, T., Whiteford, H. A., Chisholm, D., Saxena, S., & Ferrari, A. J. (2024). Service coverage for major depressive disorder: Estimated rates of minimally adequate treatment for 204 countries and territories in 2021. The Lancet Psychiatry, 11(12), 1012–1021.

Savinkina, A., Kindrachuk, J., Bogoch, I., Rimoin, A. W., Hoff, N. A., Shaw, S. Y., Mbala, P., & Gonsalves, G. (2024). Modeling Vaccination Approaches for Mpox Containment and Mitigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Available at SSRN 4759169.  https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanpsy/PIIS2215-0366(24)00317-1.pdf

Sinumvayo, J. P., Munezero, P. C., Tope, A. T., Adeyemo, R. O., Bale, M. I., Mutsaka-Makuvaza, M. J., Daba, T. M., Nyandwi, J. B., Nzungize, L., & Mutumwinka, D. (2024). Vaccination and vaccine-preventable diseases in Africa. Scientific African, e02199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02199

Subissi, L., Stefanelli, P., & Rezza, G. (2024). Human mpox: Global trends, molecular epidemiology and options for vaccination. Pathogens and Global Health, 118(1), 25–32. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10769137/pdf/YPGH_118_2258641.pdf

Sulaiman, S. K., Isma’il Tsiga-Ahmed, F., Musa, M. S., Makama, B. T., Sulaiman, A. K., & Abdulaziz, T. B. (2024). Global prevalence and correlates of mpox vaccine acceptance and uptake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Communications Medicine, 4(1), 136. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00564-1.pdf

Suraka, B., Abubakar, Z., & Ibrahim, D. (2024). Monkeypox Virus: Transmission Pathway, Clinical Manifestation, Predisposing Factors Responsible for the Re-Emergence and Spread in Nigeria‎‎. Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 14(3), 250–258. https://aeji.journals.ekb.eg/article_368578_5661f3c28599b49c5889609763085813.pdf

Thornhill, J., Gandhi, M., & Orkin, C. (2024). Mpox: The Reemergence of an Old Disease and Inequities. Annual Review of Medicine, 75(1), 159–175. https://www.annualreviews.org/deliver/fulltext/med/75/1/annurev-med-080122-030714.pdf?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-med-080122-030714&mimeType=application/pdf

Titanji, B. K., Hazra, A., & Zucker, J. (2024). Mpox Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Strategies: A Review. JAMA.

Tiwari, A., Miller, T., Baraka, V., Tahita, M., Maketa, V., Kabore, B., Kingpriest, P., Mitashi, P., Lyimo, E., & Sebukoto, H. (2024). Strengthening pathogen and antimicrobial resistance surveillance by environmental monitoring in Sub-Saharan Africa: A stakeholder survey. Preprint, 10. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ananda-Tiwari-3/publication/377769323_Strengthening_Pathogen_and_Antimicrobial_Resistance_Surveillance_by_Environmental_Monitoring_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_A_Stakeholder_Survey/links/65bcca9779007454975fbc5c/Strengthening-Pathogen-and-Antimicrobial-Resistance-Surveillance-by-Environmental-Monitoring-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-A-Stakeholder-Survey.pdf

Tobin, E. (n.d.). Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dimie-Ogoina/publication/382912857_Mpox_Epidemiology_and_Risk_Factors_Nigeria2022/links/66be97348d0073559255ff18/Mpox-Epidemiology-and-Risk-Factors-Nigeria-2022.pdf

Ubom, A. E., Oiwoh, S. O., Ajiboye, A. D., Nyeche, S., Appiah‐Kubi, A., Sokunbi, A. E., Mbiiza, C. M., Olanrewaju, F. O., Ighorodje, E. E., & Akinkugbe, A. (2023). Mpox in pregnancy: Management, risks and challenges in Africa and lessons from the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 163(2), 466–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14810

Yang, X., Zeng, X., Chen, X., Huang, J., Wei, X., Ying, X., Tan, Q., Wang, Y., & Li, S. (2023). Development of a CRISPR/Cas12a‐recombinase polymerase amplification assay for visual and highly specific identification of the Congo Basin and West African strains of mpox virus. Journal of Medical Virology, 95(5), e28757.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28757

Yu, X., Shi, H., & Cheng, G. (2023). Mpox virus: Its molecular evolution and potential impact on viral epidemiology. Viruses, 15(4), 995.  https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040995

Yuqian, Z., Yize, H., Wenling, W., & Wenjie, T. (2024). Advancements in Mpox Vaccine Development: A Comprehensive Review of Global Progress and Recent Data. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 37, 1–7. https://www.besjournal.com/fileSWYXYHJKX/journal/article/swyxyhjkx/newcreate/24046.pdf;

Yusuf–Isleged, M. A., Salah, O. M., Mohamed, M. O. S., & Jama, A. M. (n.d.). A Review of Monkeypox (Mpox) Disease: Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatments and Preventions. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohamed-Yusuf-Isleged

Adadi, P., Mensah, E. O., & Abdul-Razak, S. (2023). The outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) in Ghana. Journal of Medical Virology, 95(1), e28171. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28171

Cevik, M., Tomori, O., Mbala, P., Scagliarini, A., Petersen, E., Low, N., Heymann, D., Shan Lee, S., & Blumberg, L. (2024). The 2023—2024 multi-source mpox outbreaks of Clade I MPXV in sub-Saharan Africa: Alarm bell for Africa and the World. International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 146, 107159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107159

Cohen, J. (2023). Deadliest mpox outbreak ever sparks a new worry. Science (New York, N.Y.), 382(6675), 1100–1101. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn3527

Cohen, J. (2024). Africa steps up battle against mpox outbreaks. Science (New York, N.Y.), 384(6694), 373–374. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq0315

Cole, J., Choudry, S., Kular, S., Payne, T., Akili, S., Callaby, H., Gordon, N. C., Ankcorn, M., Martin, A., Hobson, E., & Tunbridge, A. J. (2023). Monkeypox encephalitis with transverse myelitis in a female patient. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 23(3), e115–e120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00741-1

Djuicy, D. D., Sadeuh-Mba, S. A., Bilounga, C. N., Yonga, M. G., Tchatchueng-Mbougua, J. B., Essima, G. D., Esso, L., Nguidjol, I. M. E., Metomb, S. F., Chebo, C., Agwe, S. M., Ankone, P. A., Ngonla, F. N. N., Mossi, H. M., Etoundi, A. G. M., Eyangoh, S. I., Kazanji, M., & Njouom, R. (2024). Concurrent Clade I and Clade II Monkeypox Virus Circulation, Cameroon, 1979-2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(3), 432–443. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3003.230861

Dyer, O. (2024). Mpox: Virus behind new DRC outbreak is most dangerous strain yet, experts warn. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 385, q1454. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q1454

Hamdana, A. H., Mohsin, H., Habib Tharwani, Z., Masood, W., Furqana, A. Q., Sohail, A., Durdana, A. R., Ashraf, M. T., Uddin, N., Islam, Z., Essar, M. Y., Marzo, R. R., & Habib, Z. (2023). Monkeypox Virus and Other Emerging Outbreaks: An Overview and Future Perspective. Inquiry : A Journal of Medical Care Organization, Provision and Financing, 60, 469580231175437. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580231175437

Isibor, P. O., Onwaeze, O. O., Kayode-Edwards, I. I., Agbontaen, D. O., Ifebem-Ezima, I.-A. M., Bilewu, O., Onuselogu, C., Akinniyi, A. P., Obafemi, Y. D., & Oniha, M. I. (2023). Investigating and combatting the key drivers of viral zoonoses in Africa: An analysis of eight epidemics. Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasleira de Biologia, 84, e270857. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.270857

Javelle, E., Ficko, C., Savini, H., Mura, M., Ferraris, O., Tournier, J. N., & de Laval, F. (2023). Monkeypox clinical disease: Literature review and a tool proposal for the monitoring of cases and contacts. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 52, 102559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102559

Katoto, P. D., Muttamba, W., Bahizire, E., Malembaka, E. B., Bosa, H. K., Kazadi, D. M., Lubambo, G., Siangoli, F. B., Bakamutumaho, B., Wayengera, M., Mavungu Landu, D. J., Mukadi-Bamuleka, D., Mbala, P., Loeb, M., Kirenga, B., & Muyembe-Tamfum, J.-J. (2024). Shifting transmission patterns of human mpox in South Kivu, DR Congo. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 24(6), e354–e355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00287-1

Kozlov, M. (2024). Monkeypox virus: Dangerous strain gains ability to spread through sex, new data suggest. Nature, 629(8010), 13–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01167-5

Kumar, S., Rahul, K., Gupta, A. K., Gupta, H., Sonkar, S. K., Atam, V., & Chaudhary, S. C. (2023). As the World Struggles With the COVID-19 Pandemic, Another Emergency Threat Arrives on the Horizon, the Monkeypox: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 15(1), e33596. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33596

Mahase, E. (2024). Mpox: South Africa reports 20 new cases and three deaths. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 386, q1529. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q1529

Meseko, C., Adedeji, A., Shittu, I., Obishakin, E., Nanven, M., Suleiman, L., Okomah, D., Tyakaray, V., Kolade, D., Yinka-Ogunleye, A., Muhammad, S., Morgan, C. N., Matheny, A., Nakazawa, Y., McCollum, A., & Doty, J. B. (2023). Orthopoxvirus Infections in Rodents, Nigeria, 2018-2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(2), 433–434. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2902.221411

Nachega, J. B., Nsanzimana, S., Rawat, A., Wilson, L. A., Rosenthal, P. J., Siedner, M. J., Varma, J. K., Kilmarx, P. H., Mutesa, L., Tanner, M., Binagwaho, A., Forrest, J., Mbala-Kingebeni, P., Muyembe-Tamfum, J.-J., Ntoumi, F., Zumla, A., de Oliveira, T., & Mills, E. J. (2023). Advancing detection and response capacities for emerging and re-emerging pathogens in Africa. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 23(5), e185–e189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00723-X

Ntumba, H. C. K., & Mandja, B.-A. M. (2024). Mpox in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: Challenges and prospects for vaccination. Lancet (London, England), 404(10457), 1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01806-3

Ogoina, D., & James, H. I. (2023). Mpox among Linked Heterosexual Casual Partners in Bayelsa, Nigeria. The New England Journal of Medicine, 388(22), 2101–2104. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2300866

Okwor, T., Mbala, P. K., Evans, D. H., & Kindrachuk, J. (2023). A contemporary review of clade-specific virological differences in monkeypox viruses. Clinical Microbiology and Infection : The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 29(12), 1502–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2023.07.011

Parums, D. V. (2024). Editorial: Reasons for Increasing Global Concerns for the Spread of Mpox. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 30, e946343. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.946343

Ramírez-Soto, M. C. (2023). Monkeypox Outbreak in Peru. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 59(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061096

Schwartz, D. A., Mbala-Kingebeni, P., Patterson, K., Huggins, J. W., & Pittman, P. R. (2023). Congenital Mpox Syndrome (Clade I) in Stillborn Fetus after Placental Infection and Intrauterine Transmission, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(11), 2198–2022. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2911.230606

Ubom, A. E., Oiwoh, S. O., Ajiboye, A. D., Nyeche, S., Appiah-Kubi, A., Sokunbi, A. E., Mbiiza, C. M., Olanrewaju, F. O., Ighorodje, E. E., Akinkugbe, A., Okoeguale, J., Ojo, O. D., Unwaha, E. A., Oriji, P. C., Adebawojo, T. O., Ekwebalam, O. P., Okwaraoha, T. I., Ijarotimi, O. A., Eifediyi, R. A., … Ogoina, D. (2023). Mpox in pregnancy: Management, risks and challenges in Africa and lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: The Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 163(2), 466–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14810

van Nispen, C., Reffett, T., Long, B., Gottlieb, M., & Frawley, T. C. (2023). Diagnosis and Management of Monkeypox: A Review for the Emergency Clinician. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 81(1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.07.014

JAMA is not Open Access

 

Titanji, B. K., Hazra, A., & Zucker, J. (2024). Mpox Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Strategies: A Review. JAMA.

Anderer, S. (2024). CDC Recommends Mpox Vaccine for Travelers to Central and Eastern Africa. JAMA, 332(18), 1508-1508.

Anderer, S. (2024). WHO Announces Mpox Global Plan, Appeals for Funding. JAMA, 332(15), 1228-1228.

Rivers, C., Watson, C., & Phelan, A. L. (2024). The resurgence of mpox in Africa. JAMA, 332(13), 1045-1046

Harris, E. (2024). As Mpox cases surge in Africa, WHO declares a global emergency—here’s what to know. JAMA, 332(11), 862-864.

Harris, E. (2024). WHO: as Mpox outbreaks continue, cases may be underestimated. JAMA, 331(24), 2070-2070.

Bariyo, N. (2024). Africa Mpox Outbreak a Global Health Emergency, WHO Declares. Wall Street Journal - Online Edition, N.PAG-N.PAG. Newspaper Source.

BARTON, T. (2024, September 4). Officials respond to contagious mpox cases at Fort Dodge prison. Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier (IA). Newspaper Source.

DAVIS, L., & PILGRIM, E. (2024). GROWING CONCERN ABOUT SPREAD OF MPOX. Good Morning America (ABC), 1–1. Newspaper Source.

Eleanor Hayward. (2024a). First UK case of mpox strain is detected in tourist from Africa. Times, The (United Kingdom), 4–4. Newspaper Source.

Eleanor Hayward. (2024b). First UK case of mpox strain is detected in tourist from Africa. Times, The (United Kingdom), 4–4. Newspaper Source.

Fenit Nirappil. (2024a). Cases of mpox exceed 15,000 in Africa, put the world on alert again. Washington Post, The. Newspaper Source. http://ezproxy.uct.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=wapo.92a5a99a-5669-11ef-9f2d-48b9f0218784&site=ehost-live

Fenit Nirappil. (2024b). Sweden detects first case outside Africa of mpox variant tied to worse illness. Washington Post, The. Newspaper Source. http://ezproxy.uct.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=wapo.4f8cdf32-5b2f-11ef-b91f-55f8a3a0e1da&site=ehost-live

Gerald Imray The Associated Press. (2024). Congo sees 1,000 new cases in a week. Toronto Star (Canada). Newspaper Source. http://ezproxy.uct.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6FPTS2024082272632917&site=ehost-live

Janice Kew Bloomberg. (2024). Race to contain new mpox strain. Toronto Star (Canada). Newspaper Source. http://ezproxy.uct.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6FPTS2024081172535212&site=ehost-live

Jean Fernand Koena & Maria Cheng, Associated Press. (2024). Mpox cases have surged in Africa this year, but treatments and vaccines remain scarce. Washington Post, The. Newspaper Source. http://ezproxy.uct.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=wapo.4154bf46-5019-11ef-877e-da530d884e77&site=ehost-live

Kevin Jiang Toronto Star With files from Megan Ogilvie. (2024). WHO declares global health emergency. Toronto Star (Canada). Newspaper Source. http://ezproxy.uct.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=6FPTS2024081572570634&site=ehost-live

MANDAVILLI, A. (2024). Cost of the Mpox Vaccine Deters Americans at Risk. New York Times, 174(60329), A5–A5. Newspaper Source.

More offered mpox jab. (2024). Times, The (United Kingdom), 6–6. Newspaper Source.

No Time To Waste. (2024). Times, The (United Kingdom), 23–23. Newspaper Source.

Ogoina, Tobin, E. A. Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dimie-Ogoina/publication/382912857_Mpox_Epidemiology_and_Risk_Factors_Nigeria2022/links/66be97348d0073559255ff18/Mpox-Epidemiology-and-Risk-Factors-Nigeria-2022.pdf

STRAHAN, M., & RESHEF, E. (2024). MPOX DECLARED GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY. Good Morning America (ABC), 1–1. Newspaper Source.

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Announces Additional $35 Million to Support Mpox Outbreak Response in Central and Eastern Africa. (2024). M2PressWIRE. Newspaper Source. http://ezproxy.uct.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=16PU3777575529&site=ehost-live

Webster, H. (2024, May 23). Recent uptick in local mpox cases puts vaccination back on radar. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (PA). Newspaper Source. http://ezproxy.uct.ac.za/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=2W63369807108&site=ehost-live