This Library Guide is a collection of useful documents & evidence on the efficacy, effectiveness and impact of vaccines against enteric diseases (Typhoid, Cholera, Rotavirus) to support NITAG members and other policy makers across Africa in making evidence-based recommendations to their Ministries of Health
Enteric diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens that infect the intestines (the enteric tract). These diseases typically spread through contaminated food, water, or hands, and are closely associated with poor sanitation and hygiene.
They are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or sometimes toxins. Common pathogens include:
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Bacteria | Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Vibrio cholerae |
| Viruses | Rotavirus, Norovirus, Hepatitis A |
| Parasites | Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium |
Fecal-oral route
Contaminated drinking water
Poor food hygiene
Person-to-person contact
Contaminated surfaces or utensils
Access to clean water and sanitation
Handwashing with soap
Food safety and hygiene
Vaccination (e.g., for cholera, hepatitis A, rotavirus, typhoid)
Public health education
| Disease | Pathogen | Type of Vaccine | Example Vaccines |
|---|---|---|---|
| Typhoid | Salmonella Typhi | Live oral or inactivated injectable | Ty21a (Vivotif), TCV (Typbar-TCV) |
| Cholera | Vibrio cholerae | Killed oral vaccine | Dukoral, Shanchol, Euvichol-Plus |
| Hepatitis A | Hepatitis A virus | Inactivated injectable vaccine | Havrix, Avaxim, Vaqta |
| Rotavirus | Rotavirus (various strains) | Live oral vaccine | Rotarix, RotaTeq, Rotavac |
| Traveler’s diarrhea / ETEC | E. coli (enterotoxigenic) | Under development; some oral vaccines | Dukoral (partial protection) |
| Norovirus | Norovirus | Not yet available (in development) | – |
| Polio (enteric but not diarrheal) | Poliovirus | Oral or inactivated injectable | OPV, IPV |